Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to genetic material derived from organisms that exists in the environment, such as in water, soil, or air. Fish, animals, plants, and microorganisms release DNA into their surrounding environment through skin cells, feces, urine, blood, mucus, and other biological materials. By collecting and analyzing these samples, it is possible to identify what kinds of organisms inhabit a particular area.
A key feature of eDNA analysis is that surveys can be conducted without directly capturing organisms or visually observing them. For example, simply collecting and analyzing water from a river or lake makes it possible to determine the species of fish or amphibians present. This approach not only reduces the time and labor required for surveys, but also minimizes disturbance to natural environments and living organisms.
Today, eDNA analysis is used in a wide range of fields, including biodiversity assessment, early detection of invasive species, surveys of endangered species, and evaluation of conservation outcomes. As a technology that enables us to understand environmental conditions without damaging nature, it is attracting growing attention as an important method for supporting sustainable environmental management.